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阅读课的三大教学重点
在新东方的阅读教学中，准确地说就是泛读教学，即教授学生如何在有限的词汇和语法基础下，更有效地从文章中得到最多的信息。要做到这些，就必须注意阅读课要培养的三大能力：猜测能力（或推理能力）、把握作者观点能力和段落或文章概括能力。
1. 首先，猜测能力主要指联系上下文，结合词根、词缀，对于生词的推理能力。要具备这个能力，首先要明白英文的表达习惯 ---vocabulary and syntax variety. 所以，遇到生词首先要考虑上下文中一定有其同意但不同形的表达。 例如：Children always appreciate small gifts of money. Mum or dad, of course, provide a regular supply of pocket money, but uncles and aunts are always a source of extra income. With some children, small sums go a long way. If fifty pence pieces are not exchanged for sweets, they rattle for months inside money boxes. Only very thrifty children manage to fill up a money box. For most of them, fifty pence is a small price to pay for a nice big bar of chocolate. 这段话反复出现了"零花钱"，即pocket money，可是表达方式迥异。零花钱的固定说法是'pocket money', 但对于家长而言，属于'small gifts of money'；对于孩子而言, 父母给了，叔叔阿姨再给就属于 'extra income'. 这些小数目的钱（small sums）可能在当时那个年代基本都是'五毛钱'，所以文章接着使用了象征词 'fifty pence pieces'和 'fifty pence'. 但作为教师，应当在纷繁复杂的现象背后给学生概括出切实可用的规律。通过上面的分析，不难看出，丰富词汇表达的途径主要有：同义词（或近义词）替换，词性变换和解释说明三个方法。这个结论不但有助于阅读理解，同样可以帮助学生在写作中丰富表达，因为阅读和写作就是个逆过程，前者要把复杂的问题简单化，后者是要把简单的问题复杂化。 目前的高考和四、六级考试中专门有生词猜测题，例如： I looked at it closely. She had made a crooked line. At the center of the quilt, she had stitched a piece of cloth with these words: 'My mother made many quilts. She didn't get all lines straight. But I think this is beautiful. I want to see it finished. Her last quilt.'(2008 全国高考) A. unfinished B. broken C. bent D. unusual 跟下划线的单词最有关系的信息就是not straight，所以正确答案是A. 该题目中利用的就是反义词替换原则。 Music was not the only gulf. From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations, earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits. (08 广东高考) A. interest B. distance C. difference D. separation 与Gulf有直接关系的词就是separate，所以答案即是C.本题利用的是词性变换的原则。 2. 其次，把握作者大意是一切文章阅读的关键。中国学生最容易钻到文章中摘取字词句的"奇花异草"而忽略掉文章作为整体所要传达的central idea.大体来讲，作者的大意主要出现在三个地方，即首尾句、例证前、转折后。我们分别看下面的三个例子： Most of us have formed an unrealistic picture of life on a desert island. We sometimes imagine a desert island to be a sort of paradise where the sun always shines. Life there is simple and good. Ripe fruit falls from the trees and you never have to work. The other side of the picture is quite the opposite. Life on a desert island is wretched. You either starve to death or live like Robinson Crusoe, Waiting for a boat which never comes. Perhaps there is an element of truth in both these pictures, but few of us have had the opportunity to find out.（首尾句） These days, people who do manual work often receive far more money than people who work in offices. People who work in offices are frequently referred to as 'white-collar workers' for the simple reason that they usually wear a collar and tie to go to work. Such is human nature, that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. This can give rise to curious situations, as it did in the case of Alfred Bloggs who worked as a dustman for the Ellesmere Corporation.（例证前） We are less credulous than we used to be. In the nineteenth century, a novelist would bring his story to a conclusion by presenting his readers with a series of coincidences -- most of them wildly improbable. Readers happily accepted the fact that an obscure maidservant was really the hero's mother. A long-lost brother, who was presumed dead, was really alive all the time and wickedly plotting to bring about the hero's downfall. And so on. Modern readers would find such naive solutions totally unacceptable. Yet, in real life, circumstances do sometimes conspire to bring about coincidences which anyone but a nineteenth century novelist would find incredible.（转折后） 把握了这几点，找出文章的中心思想就很容易了。例如： Protected by third-party payers from the cost of our care, we demand everything that can possibly be done for us, even if it's useless. The most obvious example is late-stage cancer care. Physicians --- frustrated by their inability to cure the disease and fearing loss of hope in the patient---- too often offer aggressive treatment far beyond what is scientifically justified. （03考研） The author uses the example of cancer patients to show that ____ A. medical resources are often wasted. B. doctors are helpless against fatal disease. C. some treatments are too aggressive. D. medical costs are becoming unaffordable. 分析：该题是典型的例证题，例证题答案就是作者观点，也可以认为该题目是主旨题。根据上文"例子前找观点"的方法（因为作者无论给出多少例子始终是想证明自己的观点），结合关键信息 "even if it's useless", 不难看出正确答案应当是A. 3. 最后，段落或文章大意的概括能力是写作的前提。它要求学生在找到主旨句，即作者观点的前提下，使用推理、例证、分类、对比或因果法，点面结合地概括出文章大意。教师可以尝试让学生经常做summary writing. 起初可先给出若干问题让学生回答，待回答完毕后再将所回答答案串联成一个段落，然后逐渐过渡到取消回答问题，直接让学生提炼段落或文章中心和细节， 进行归纳。 例如：不超过80字，给出该段话的summary writing. The hunt for the puma began in a small village where a woman picking blackberries saw 'a large cat' only five yards away from her. It immediately ran away when she saw it, and experts confirmed that a puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered. The search proved difficult, for the puma was often observed at one place in the morning and at another place twenty miles away in the evening. Wherever it went, it left behind it a trail of dead deer and small animals like rabbits. Paw prints were seen in a number of places and puma fur was found clinging to bushes. Several people complained of 'cat-like noises' at night and a businessman on a fishing trip saw the puma up a tree. The experts were now fully convinced that the animal was a puma, but where had it come from? As no pumas had been reported missing from any zoo in the country, this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape. The hunt went on for several weeks, but the puma was not caught. It is disturbing to think that a dangerous wild animal is still at large in the quiet countryside. 不难看出，本段话作者观点应是最后两句。但要写出summary writing，只有主题句是不够的，也需要必要的细节，其实这个就是作写作中的例证法。老师可以先给出与必要细节有关的问题让学生回答，诱出关键信息，然后再让学生组成句子和段落。其实写作就是在这个过程中锻炼出来的，因为任何写作都是有两部分组成：central idea 和supporting evidence；充分的summary writing练习还可以锻炼学生的close connection, coherence and cohesion的能力。比如： Where did the search begin and what did the experts confirm? Why was the search difficult? What had 'the puma' probably done wherever it went? What did the hunt turn out to be in the end? （主旨句） 大概的结果如下所示： At first, a woman in a village saw a 'large cat' in her vicinity and experts confirmed the impossibility of pumas' attacking human beings except being cornered. The search proved difficult, for the animal was always moving around, leaving behind it paw prints, puma fur and dead small animals etc. Although experts were fully convinced of its identity, the puma was still at large in the quiet countryside, disturbing the local people just at the thought of it. (78 words) |
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沙发#
发布于：2015-01-15 00:58
支持~~支持~~
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板凳#
发布于：2015-01-16 02:49
好贴，双手赞成!
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地板#
发布于：2015-01-31 02:56
好帖，有才！
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4楼#
发布于：2015-02-07 04:27
没看完~~~~~~ 先顶，好同志
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5楼#
发布于：2015-02-09 09:45
顶一下吧~ 很少见的好帖了
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6楼#
发布于：2015-03-06 05:36
真精神！！！！！！
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7楼#
发布于：2015-10-23 09:09
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8楼#
发布于：2015-11-04 14:31
============================================ [雅黑字体 至尊精品]深度完美WinXP SP3 Ghost 典藏专业版V2015.11 ============================================ 实力打造精品装机光盘，装机备份维护轻松无忧！ ---------------------------------------------- ===光盘说明=== 本光盘含GHOSTXP克隆版(带驱动软件)、WINPE及DOS等工具， 完美支持常见兼容式台式机、品牌机及笔记本， 安装快捷方便、兼容性高，系统运行稳定、快速、安全！ ---------------------------------------------- 特别注意： 1、光盘经过检测安全无毒，PE中的部分破解软件可能会被个别杀毒软件误报，请放心使用 2、请勿使用大.白菜、电.脑店、老.毛桃等U盘PE，安装恶意软件、流氓行为！ ---------------------------------------------- 下载完成后及时验证MD5数值是否和发布的一致， 如果不一致该ISO被恶意修改，请勿使用。 请更换另一个下载地址再次下载 或登陆www.sdwm.org下载最新版本。 ---------------------------------------------- MD5校验器验证本ISO文件的数据信息： 文件:SDWM_GXP3_V2015.11DC.iso 大小: 1849780224 字节[1.72GB] MD5: 6EB94A90CDB3429C28D9312EC36838C7 ---------------------------------------------- 下载地址1：http://yunpan.cn/cHFaMYDqNhQAT 访问密码 3c06 下载地址2：http://www.400gb.com/file/119818588 下载地址3：http://kuai.xunlei.com/d/fVY7DAJwGwCJaQNWb3e 下载地址4：http://pan.baidu.com/s/1kT1slGr win7下载 http://123xz.org |
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9楼#
发布于：2015-11-11 16:43
绩点GPA刷高方法【找扣137272524】【修改教务系统成绩先改后付】
GPA英语全称是grade point average，意思是平均成绩点数。美国多数大学对申请人GPA都有最低规定，不够最低要求的不予考虑。 GPA一般用4分制计算，换算方法参见下表： 百分制分数 等级 成绩点数 90~100 A 4 80~89 B 3 70~79 C 2 60~69 D 1 60以下 F 0 GPA的标准计算方法是将大学成绩的加权平均数乘以4，再除以100。比较常见的方法还有把各科成绩按等级乘以学求和再以总学分除之。 例如某学生的五门课程的学分和成绩为： A课程四个学分，成绩92（A）； B课程三个学分，成绩80（B）； C课程两个学分，成绩98（A）； D课程六个学分，成绩70（C）； E课程三个学分，成绩89（B）。 以上五项成绩GPA为： 标准算法GPA＝［（92*4＋80*3＋98*2＋70*6＋89*3）*4］／［（4＋3＋2＋6＋3）*100］＝3.31 常见算法GPA＝（4*4＋3*3＋2*4＋6*2＋3*3）／（4＋3＋2＋6＋3）＝3.00 在具体运用中，美国大学经常采用总平均绩点与最后两年平均绩点。总平均绩点（Overall GPA）是将全部所修学科按上述方法计算出来的点数，最后两年平均绩点（GPA for the last two years）即将最后两年所修各科按上述方法计算出来的点数。 在美国，90％的学校GPA计算方法是采取4分制（4.00 scale）的，仅有1％的学校会采取5分制，即A等成绩为5，B等为4，C等为3，D等为2，F等为1，这些学校的最低入学标准也就相应的提高了。中国学生在申请时，应按照自己原先学校采用的GPA制提供成绩，同时注明采用了哪一种的GPA制。http://www.fajko3a.pw 对我国学生很不利的是中国大部分学校的评分都相当严，很多实际成绩很优秀的学生把分数换算成GPA后却还不够3.0，在有些大学里班上前5名学生的总平均成绩都可能会在82分以下，这样在申请美国大学时，GPA都要变成3.O或更低，只能进一些三四流的学校。为了消除这种不利，可以采用两种方法：一是在成绩单或是推荐信以及读书计划中说明这种GPA实际上是由于评分标准十分严格而导致的；二是在提供成绩单的时候，列明这样的成绩在全班，或是全系所排的名次以及百分比。 绩点GPA刷高方法【找扣137272524】【修改教务系统成绩先改后付】 |
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12楼#
发布于：2015-11-18 01:12
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13楼#
发布于：2015-11-18 15:23
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